The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

强化学习算法的实用性由于相对于问题大小的规模差而受到限制，因为学习$ \ epsilon $ -optimal策略的样本复杂性为$ \ tilde {\ omega} \ left（| s | s || a || a || a || a | h^3 / \ eps^2 \ right）$在MDP的最坏情况下，带有状态空间$ S $，ACTION SPACE $ A $和HORIZON $ H $。我们考虑一类显示出低级结构的MDP，其中潜在特征未知。我们认为，价值迭代和低级别矩阵估计的自然组合导致估计误差在地平线上呈指数增长。然后，我们提供了一种新算法以及统计保证，即有效利用了对生成模型的访问，实现了$ \ tilde {o} \ left的样本复杂度（d^5（d^5（| s |+| a |）\），我们有效利用低级结构。对于等级$ d $设置的Mathrm {Poly}（h）/\ EPS^2 \ right）$，相对于$ | s |，| a | $和$ \ eps $的缩放，这是最小值的最佳。与线性和低级别MDP的文献相反，我们不需要已知的功能映射，我们的算法在计算上很简单，并且我们的结果长期存在。我们的结果提供了有关MDP对过渡内核与最佳动作值函数所需的最小低级结构假设的见解。

精确分割牙齿并识别牙科网格模型上的相应解剖标签在计算机辅助性正畸治疗中是必不可少的。手动执行这两个任务是耗时，繁琐的，更重要的是，由于患者牙齿的异常和大规模差异，高度依赖于矫正者的经验。一些基于机器学习的方法已经设计和应用于正畸场，以自动分割牙科网格（例如，口腔扫描）。相比之下，牙齿地标定位的研究数量仍然有限。本文提出了一种基于网格深度学习（称为TS-MDL）的两级框架，用于联合牙齿标签和原始内部扫描的地标识别。我们的TS-MDL首先采用端到端\ EMPH {i} MeshsegNet方法（即，现有网格孔的变体，具有改进的精度和效率），以在下采样扫描上标记每个牙齿。由分割输出引导，我们的TS-MDL进一步选择原始网格上的每个牙齿的感兴趣区域（ROI），以构造开头的光重变量（即PINTNET-REG），用于回归相应的地标热插块。我们的TS-MDL在实际的数据集上进行了评估，显示了有希望的细分和本地化性能。具体而言，TS-MDL的第一阶段中的\ EMPH {i} Meshsegnet达到了0.964 \ PM0.054 $ 0.964 \ PM0.054 $的平均骰子相似度系数（DSC），显着优于原始的Meshsegnet。在第二阶段，PointNet-Reg实现了0.597 \ PM0.761 \，预测和地面真理之间的平均绝对误差（MAE），以66美元的地标，与地标检测的其他网络相比，比较优越。所有这些结果表明我们在临床实践中的TS-MDL潜在使用。

数据库中的部署机学习（ML）算法是由于现代ML算法的不同计算脚印和多数数据库技术的挑战，每个数据库技术都具有自己的限制性语法。我们介绍了一个基于Apache Spark的微服务编排框架，其扩展了数据库操作以包含Web服务基元。我们的系统可以协调数百台机器的Web服务，并充分利用群集，线程和异步并行性。使用此框架，我们为智能服务提供大规模客户端，如语音，视觉，搜索，异常检测和文本分析。这允许用户将随意使用的智能集成到具有Apache Spark连接器的任何数据存储器中。为了消除网络通信的大多数开销，我们还引入了我们架构的低延迟集装箱版本。最后，我们证明我们调查的服务在各种基准上具有竞争力，并在此框架中展示了两个应用程序来创建智能搜索引擎和实时自动竞赛分析系统。

Pennylane是用于量子计算机可区分编程的Python 3软件框架。该库为近期量子计算设备提供了统一的体系结构，支持量子和连续变化的范例。 Pennylane的核心特征是能够以与经典技术（例如反向传播）兼容的方式来计算变异量子电路的梯度。因此，Pennylane扩展了在优化和机器学习中常见的自动分化算法，以包括量子和混合计算。插件系统使该框架与任何基于门的量子模拟器或硬件兼容。我们为硬件提供商提供插件，包括Xanadu Cloud，Amazon Braket和IBM Quantum，允许Pennylane优化在公开访问的量子设备上运行。在古典方面，Pennylane与加速的机器学习库（例如Tensorflow，Pytorch，Jax和Autograd）接口。 Pennylane可用于优化变分的量子本素体，量子近似优化，量子机学习模型和许多其他应用。

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Achieving artificially intelligent-native wireless networks is necessary for the operation of future 6G applications such as the metaverse. Nonetheless, current communication schemes are, at heart, a mere reconstruction process that lacks reasoning. One key solution that enables evolving wireless communication to a human-like conversation is semantic communications. In this paper, a novel machine reasoning framework is proposed to pre-process and disentangle source data so as to make it semantic-ready. In particular, a novel contrastive learning framework is proposed, whereby instance and cluster discrimination are performed on the data. These two tasks enable increasing the cohesiveness between data points mapping to semantically similar content elements and disentangling data points of semantically different content elements. Subsequently, the semantic deep clusters formed are ranked according to their level of confidence. Deep semantic clusters of highest confidence are considered learnable, semantic-rich data, i.e., data that can be used to build a language in a semantic communications system. The least confident ones are considered, random, semantic-poor, and memorizable data that must be transmitted classically. Our simulation results showcase the superiority of our contrastive learning approach in terms of semantic impact and minimalism. In fact, the length of the semantic representation achieved is minimized by 57.22% compared to vanilla semantic communication systems, thus achieving minimalist semantic representations.

Both clustering and outlier detection play an important role for meteorological measurements. We present the AWT algorithm, a clustering algorithm for time series data that also performs implicit outlier detection during the clustering. AWT integrates ideas of several well-known K-Means clustering algorithms. It chooses the number of clusters automatically based on a user-defined threshold parameter, and it can be used for heterogeneous meteorological input data as well as for data sets that exceed the available memory size. We apply AWT to crowd sourced 2-m temperature data with an hourly resolution from the city of Vienna to detect outliers and to investigate if the final clusters show general similarities and similarities with urban land-use characteristics. It is shown that both the outlier detection and the implicit mapping to land-use characteristic is possible with AWT which opens new possible fields of application, specifically in the rapidly evolving field of urban climate and urban weather.

Deep learning classifiers provide the most accurate means of automatically diagnosing diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its angiography (OCTA). The power of these models is attributable in part to the inclusion of hidden layers that provide the complexity required to achieve a desired task. However, hidden layers also render algorithm outputs difficult to interpret. Here we introduce a novel biomarker activation map (BAM) framework based on generative adversarial learning that allows clinicians to verify and understand classifiers decision-making. A data set including 456 macular scans were graded as non-referable or referable DR based on current clinical standards. A DR classifier that was used to evaluate our BAM was first trained based on this data set. The BAM generation framework was designed by combing two U-shaped generators to provide meaningful interpretability to this classifier. The main generator was trained to take referable scans as input and produce an output that would be classified by the classifier as non-referable. The BAM is then constructed as the difference image between the output and input of the main generator. To ensure that the BAM only highlights classifier-utilized biomarkers an assistant generator was trained to do the opposite, producing scans that would be classified as referable by the classifier from non-referable scans. The generated BAMs highlighted known pathologic features including nonperfusion area and retinal fluid. A fully interpretable classifier based on these highlights could help clinicians better utilize and verify automated DR diagnosis.

Text generation has long been a popular research topic in NLP. However, the task of generating recruitment emails from recruiters to candidates in the job recommendation scenario has received little attention by the research community. This work aims at defining the topic of automatic email generation for job recommendation, identifying the challenges, and providing a baseline template-based solution for Danish jobs. Evaluation by human experts shows that our method is effective. We wrap up by discussing the future research directions for better solving this task.